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宾语从句面面观

              宾语从句面面观

付长绪 

【关键词】从句 时态 标点符号 转移否定

【内容提要】 宾语从句是初中英语教学的重点内容之一,也是初中英语复习的难点所在。如何使学生在单位时间内理解掌握宾语从句攻克语法难点,要从引导词,人称,时态一致/不一致标点符号,客观真理,直宾变间宾及宾从简化,转移否定等方面入手,反复练习,融会贯通。

宾语从句是初中英语教学三大从句教学任务之一,也是大部分学生认为较难掌握的语法之一,他在初中英语教学中占有相当大的比重,是历年毕业会考中的重点考查题型,因此学好宾语从句十分重要。

要学好宾语从句,需从以下几个方面入手:

一.  引导词

(1)           由连词That引导(在口语中That可省略)

        I like English .he says →He says (that) he likes English.

        I like English .he said →He said (that) he liked English.

当宾语从句的主句谓语是一般现时时,从句的谓语动词可以和主句的谓语动词保持一致或不一致。又如:

I hear that he will be  back is a week

I hear he has been back for a few days .

I hear (that)he came back yesterday .

但是,当主句的谓语动词为一般过去时时,从句的谓语动词须与主句的谓语动词保持一致。

(2)           由疑问代词what who 或疑问副词when where how 等词引导。

这类从句为特殊疑问句,变为宾语从句是,须将疑问句语序变为陈述句语序(时态同上)。

what’s your name ?Can you tell me ?

→Can you tell me what your name is ?

How old are you ?He asked me .

→He asks me what old I am .

where does Li Ping live ?Do you know ?

→Do you know where Li Ping lives ?

(3)           由连词if 或whether 引导

这类从句原句为一般疑问句,变为宾语从句时同样将疑问句语序变为陈述句语序(时态同上)

Do you like watching TV? He asks  me .→He asks  me if I like watching TV

Did he do his homework yesterday ? I don’t know →I don’t know if he did his homework yesterday .

Has she  been to Shanghai? He asked →He asked if she had been to Shanghai .,

二.  语序:

无论那种句型变为宾语从句是时,都要变为陈述句语序,这点尤为重要,千万马虎不得。

三.  时态对应问题:

I like English .he says →He says (that) he likes English.

        I like English .he said →He said (that) he liked English.

当宾语从句的主句谓语是一般现时时,从句的谓语动词可以和主句的谓语动词保持一致或不一致。又如:

I hear that he will be  back is a week

I hear he has been back for a few days .

I hear (that)he came back yesterday .

但是,当主句的谓语动词为一般过去时时,从句的谓语动词须与主句的谓语动词保持一致

四.  客观真理:

如果宾语从句表明的是客观真理,尽管主句有时用过去时,但从句仍用一般现在时。

   The earth goes around the soon . our teacher told us

Our teacher told us (that ) the earth goes around the soon .

②The light travels much faster than the sound . Didn’t you know →Didn’t you know the light travels much faster than the sound ?

五.  直接宾语与间接宾语

在英语五大简单句中,除祈使句外(肯定或否定),大多数句子将直接宾语变为间接宾语时,方可构成宾语从句:如①“I likes helping others” he says /said →He says /said that he like /liked helping others .

②“Can yon speak French ”I asked him →I asked him if he spoke French .

但是,把直接宾语变为间接宾语时,除了从句的人称,时态,语序等变化外,更重要的是要把从句的状语作相应的变化:如下表所示

内容句式

直接引语

间接引语

指示代词

this   these

that  those

 

时间状语

now  today   thisweek yesterday  lastweekthree days   ago tomorrow nextweek

then  that day   thatweek  thedaybefore theweekbefore   the nextday thenextweek

地点状语

here

there

又如“My sister is leaving for Shanghai by air tomorrow ”He told me →He told me that his sister was leaving for Shanghai by air the nextday .

六.  宾从简化:

由疑问代词副词引导的宾语从句,可用“疑问代词副词+动词不定式”简化为简单句,句意不变。

如:①Do you know what you will do nextweek ?→Do you know what to do nextweek ?

②I don’t  know how I can use this computer .→I don’t know how to use this computer.

七.  转移否定;

若把第一类由that引导的宾语从句变为否定句式时,须用“否定转移”即否定主“动”从不动。

如:

  I think Li ping  is an honest boy →I don’t think Li ping is an honest boy .

  I believe they will come back in a week . →I don’t believe they will come back in a week .

八.  标点符号:

宾语从句末的标点符号要随主句的句式来确定,主句若为陈述句(肯定或否定)句末则用逗号,主句若为一般疑问句,句末需用问号。

总之,宾语从句是初中英语教学的重头戏掌握运用好了宾语从句,犹如获取了学好英语的金钥匙,英语学习便会:“会当凌绝顶,一览众山小”为了便于广大学生掌握宾语从句,把失分率降到最低,我把自己积累小结的宾语从句用法口诀交流出来,和大家共享.

附:宾语从句用法口诀:

(一)宾语从句较容易,从句句式有三类。

从句若为陈述句,用上that没问题。

从句若为特殊句,请用原词作代替。

从句若为一般句,if /whether 加前去。

如果从句有选择,连词一定用whether。

无论哪种宾从句,语序全为陈述句。

学习宾语从句时,时态特别要警惕。

主句若为过去时,从句时态必一致。

主句现在或将来,从句时态任你选。

宾从如果表“真理”,现在时态最合理。

I /we think 从句变否定,否定主“动”从不动。

宾语从句灵活用,标点符号要记清。

(二)宾语从句须注意,几点事项应牢记。

一是关键引导词,不同句子词相异。

陈述句子用that ,一般问句if /whether 替。

特殊问句更简单,请用原词不需换。

二是时态常变化,主句不同从句异。

主句若为现在时,从句时态应看意。

主句若为过去时,从句时态向前移。

三是语序要牢记,从句永保陈述句。

 


 

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