宾语从句面面观 付长绪 【关键词】从句 时态 标点符号 转移否定 【内容提要】 宾语从句是初中英语教学的重点内容之一,也是初中英语复习的难点所在。如何使学生在单位时间内理解掌握宾语从句攻克语法难点,要从引导词,人称,时态一致/不一致标点符号,客观真理,直宾变间宾及宾从简化,转移否定等方面入手,反复练习,融会贯通。 宾语从句是初中英语教学三大从句教学任务之一,也是大部分学生认为较难掌握的语法之一,他在初中英语教学中占有相当大的比重,是历年毕业会考中的重点考查题型,因此学好宾语从句十分重要。 要学好宾语从句,需从以下几个方面入手: 一. 引导词 (1) 由连词That引导(在口语中That可省略) ①I like English .he says →He says (that) he likes English. ②I like English .he said →He said (that) he liked English. 当宾语从句的主句谓语是一般现时时,从句的谓语动词可以和主句的谓语动词保持一致或不一致。又如: I hear that he will be back is a week I hear he has been back for a few days . I hear (that)he came back yesterday . 但是,当主句的谓语动词为一般过去时时,从句的谓语动词须与主句的谓语动词保持一致。 (2) 由疑问代词what who 或疑问副词when where how 等词引导。 这类从句为特殊疑问句,变为宾语从句是,须将疑问句语序变为陈述句语序(时态同上)。 ①what’s your name ?Can you tell me ? →Can you tell me what your name is ? ②How old are you ?He asked me . →He asks me what old I am . ③where does Li Ping live ?Do you know ? →Do you know where Li Ping lives ? (3) 由连词if 或whether 引导 这类从句原句为一般疑问句,变为宾语从句时同样将疑问句语序变为陈述句语序(时态同上) ① Do you like watching TV? He asks me .→He asks me if I like watching TV ②Did he do his homework yesterday ? I don’t know →I don’t know if he did his homework yesterday . ③Has she been to Shanghai? He asked →He asked if she had been to Shanghai ., 二. 语序: 无论那种句型变为宾语从句是时,都要变为陈述句语序,这点尤为重要,千万马虎不得。 三. 时态对应问题: ①I like English .he says →He says (that) he likes English. ②I like English .he said →He said (that) he liked English. 当宾语从句的主句谓语是一般现时时,从句的谓语动词可以和主句的谓语动词保持一致或不一致。又如: I hear that he will be back is a week I hear he has been back for a few days . I hear (that)he came back yesterday . 但是,当主句的谓语动词为一般过去时时,从句的谓语动词须与主句的谓语动词保持一致 四. 客观真理: 如果宾语从句表明的是客观真理,尽管主句有时用过去时,但从句仍用一般现在时。 ①The earth goes around the soon . our teacher told us → Our teacher told us (that ) the earth goes around the soon . ②The light travels much faster than the sound . Didn’t you know →Didn’t you know the light travels much faster than the sound ? 五. 直接宾语与间接宾语 在英语五大简单句中,除祈使句外(肯定或否定),大多数句子将直接宾语变为间接宾语时,方可构成宾语从句:如①“I likes helping others” he says /said →He says /said that he like /liked helping others . ②“Can yon speak French ”I asked him →I asked him if he spoke French . 但是,把直接宾语变为间接宾语时,除了从句的人称,时态,语序等变化外,更重要的是要把从句的状语作相应的变化:如下表所示 内容句式 | 直接引语 | 间接引语 | 指示代词 | this these | that those | 时间状语 | now today thisweek yesterday lastweekthree days ago tomorrow nextweek | then that day thatweek thedaybefore theweekbefore the nextday thenextweek | 地点状语 | here | there |
又如“My sister is leaving for Shanghai by air tomorrow ”He told me →He told me that his sister was leaving for Shanghai by air the nextday . 六. 宾从简化: 由疑问代词∕副词引导的宾语从句,可用“疑问代词∕副词+动词不定式”简化为简单句,句意不变。 如:①Do you know what you will do nextweek ?→Do you know what to do nextweek ? ②I don’t know how I can use this computer .→I don’t know how to use this computer. 七. 转移否定; 若把第一类由that引导的宾语从句变为否定句式时,须用“否定转移”即否定主“动”从不动。 如: ① I think Li ping is an honest boy →I don’t think Li ping is an honest boy . ② I believe they will come back in a week . →I don’t believe they will come back in a week . 八. 标点符号: 宾语从句末的标点符号要随主句的句式来确定,主句若为陈述句(肯定或否定)句末则用逗号,主句若为一般疑问句,句末需用问号。 总之,宾语从句是初中英语教学的重头戏掌握运用好了宾语从句,犹如获取了学好英语的金钥匙,英语学习便会:“会当凌绝顶,一览众山小”为了便于广大学生掌握宾语从句,把失分率降到最低,我把自己积累小结的宾语从句用法口诀交流出来,和大家共享. 附:宾语从句用法口诀: (一)宾语从句较容易,从句句式有三类。 从句若为陈述句,用上that没问题。 从句若为特殊句,请用原词作代替。 从句若为一般句,if /whether 加前去。 如果从句有选择,连词一定用whether。 无论哪种宾从句,语序全为陈述句。 学习宾语从句时,时态特别要警惕。 主句若为过去时,从句时态必一致。 主句现在或将来,从句时态任你选。 宾从如果表“真理”,现在时态最合理。 I /we think 从句变否定,否定主“动”从不动。 宾语从句灵活用,标点符号要记清。 (二)宾语从句须注意,几点事项应牢记。 一是关键引导词,不同句子词相异。 陈述句子用that ,一般问句if /whether 替。 特殊问句更简单,请用原词不需换。 二是时态常变化,主句不同从句异。 主句若为现在时,从句时态应看意。 主句若为过去时,从句时态向前移。 三是语序要牢记,从句永保陈述句。
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